Thomas Saverys Steam Engine

Thomas Savery was born to a well-known family in Shilston, England sometime around 1650. He was well educated and exhibited a great fondness for mechanics, mathematics, experimentation and invention. Saverys Early Inventions   One of Saverys earliest inventions was a clock, which remains in his family to this day and is considered an ingenious piece of mechanism. He went on to  invent and patented arrangement of paddle  wheels driven by capstans to propel vessels in calm weather. He pitched the idea to the British Admiralty and the Wavy Board but met with no success. The principal objector was the surveyor of the Navy who dismissed Savery with the remark, And have interloping people, that have no concern with us, pretend to contrive or invent things for us? Savery was not deterred -- he fitted his apparatus to a small vessel and exhibited its operation on the Thames, although the invention was never introduced by the Navy. The First Steam Engine Savery invented the steam engine sometime after the debut of his paddle  wheels, an idea first conceived by  Edward Somerset, Marquis of Worcester, as well as a few other earlier inventors. It’s been rumored that Savery read Somerset’s book first describing the invention and subsequently attempted to destroy all evidence of it in anticipation of his own invention. He allegedly bought up all copies he could find and burned them.   Although the story isn’t particularly credible, a comparison of the drawings of the two engines -- Saverys and Somersets -- shows a striking resemblance. If nothing else, Savery should be given credit for the successful introduction of this semi-omnipotent and water-commanding engine. He patented the design of his first engine on July 2, 1698. A working model was submitted to the Royal Society of London. The Road to the Patent Savery faced constant and embarrassing expense in the construction of his first steam engine. He had to keep the British mines -- and particularly the deep pits of Cornwall -- free from water. He finally completed the project and conducted some successful experiments with it, exhibiting a model of his fire engine before King William III and his court at Hampton Court in 1698. Savery then obtained his patent without delay. The title of the patent reads: A grant to Thomas Savery of the sole exercise of a new invention by him invented, for raising of water, and occasioning motion to all sorts of mill works, by the important force of fire, which will be of great use for draining mines, serving towns with water, and for the working of all sorts of mills, when they have not the benefit of water nor constant winds; to hold for 14 years; with usual clauses. Introducing His Invention to the World Savery next went about letting the world know about his invention. He began a systematic and successful advertising campaign, missing no opportunity to make his plans not merely known but well understood. He obtained permission to appear with his model fire engine and to explain its operation at a meeting of the Royal Society.  The minutes of that meeting read: Mr. Savery entertained the Society with showing his engine to raise water by the force of fire. He was thanked for showing the experiment, which succeeded according to expectation, and was approved of.   Hoping to introduce his fire engine to the  mining districts of Cornwall as a pumping engine,  Savery wrote a prospectus for general circulation, The Miners Friend; or, A Description of an Engine to Raise Water by Fire.†Ã‚   Implementation of the Steam Engine Saverys prospectus was printed in London in 1702.  He proceeded to distribute it among the proprietors and managers of mines, who were finding at that time that the flow of water at certain depths was so great as to prevent operation. In many cases, the cost of drainage left no satisfactory margin of profit. Unfortunately, although Saverys fire engine began to be used for supplying water to towns, large estates, country houses and other private establishments, it did not come into general use among the mines. The  risk for explosion of the boilers or receivers was too great.   There were other difficulties in the application of the Savery engine to many kinds of work, but this was the most serious. In fact, explosions did occur with fatal results. When used in mines, the engines were necessarily placed within 30 feet or less of the lowest level and could potentially become submerged if the water should rise above that level. In many cases this would result in the loss of the engine. The mine would remain drowned unless another engine should be procured to pump it out. The consumption of fuel with these engines was very great as well. The steam could not be generated economically because the boilers used were simple forms and presented too little heating surface to secure a complete transfer of heat from the gases of combustion to the water within the boiler. This waste in the generation of steam was followed by still more serious waste in its application. Without expansion to the expulsion of water from a metallic receiver, the cold and wet sides absorbed heat with the greatest avidity. The great mass of the liquid was not heated by the steam and was expelled at the temperature at which it was raised from below. Improvements to the Steam Engine Savery later began work with Thomas Newcomen on an atmospheric steam engine.  Newcomen was an English blacksmith who invented this improvement over Slaverys previous design. The Newcomen steam engine used the force of atmospheric pressure. His engine pumped steam into a cylinder. The steam was then condensed by cold water, which created a vacuum on the inside of the cylinder. The resulting atmospheric pressure operated a piston, creating downward strokes. Unlike the engine Thomas Savery had patented in 1698, the intensity of pressure in Newcomen’s engine was not limited by the pressure of the steam. Together with John Calley, Newcomen built his first engine in 1712 atop a water-filled mineshaft and used it to pump water out of the mine. The Newcomen engine was the predecessor to the Watt engine and it was one of the most interesting pieces of technology developed during the 1700s. James Watt was an inventor and mechanical engineer born in Greenock, Scotland, renowned for his improvements of the steam engine. While working for the University of Glasgow in 1765, Watt was assigned the task of repairing a Newcomen engine, which was considered  inefficient but still the best steam engine of its time. He began to work on several improvements to Newcomens design. Most notable was his 1769 patent for a separate condenser connected to a cylinder by a valve. Unlike Newcomens engine, Watts design had a condenser that could be kept cool while the cylinder was hot. Watts engine soon became the dominant design for all modern steam engines and helped bring about the Industrial Revolution. A unit of power called the watt was named after him.

The American Dream - 701 Words

Is the American Dream Still Possible? The American Dream is different for every person. The term â€Å"American Dream† is defined as â€Å"a happy way of living that is thought of by many Americans as something that can be achieved by anyone in the U.S. especially by working hard and becoming successful, With good jobs, a nice house, two children, and plenty of money, they believed they were living the American dream.† (webster)Now, in the definition you may notice this keyword â€Å"anyone†. Anyone? Really? Even those that are homeless and broke? The american dream is not possible becuase of two reasons. One people no longer want to work for the stuff they want, two the cost of a lot of stuff now a days is outrageous. So, is the american dream still†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"In the ten years up to the start of the financial crisis, house prices tripled. Many people think this is because there were not enough houses around, but that is only part of the picture. A major cause of the rise w as that banks have the ability to create money every time they make a loan. During the period in question the amount of money banks created through mortgage lending more than quadrupled! This lending was a major driver of the massive increase in house prices.†(Unknown). Since the price has tripled for a house, this makes it harder for the american dream to exist, seeing as most peoples definition of the american dream involves house. The reason the value of a dollar has gone down? That could be because of multiple reasons such as, â€Å"The value of currency is dependent on the policies, economics and related to development. The value of money erodes over time with money printing, ambiguous agendas , inflation, war or domestic disturbance and trade deficit. The value of money can be reduced with the increase in mindless spending by the government, losses and trade exchanges. I always feel that debt as a form or money expands faster and it contracts slowly. â€Å"(Bushan) The american dream is defined differently by each person. It could be owning a house, having a family, a nice car, anything. However the american dream is no longer achievable. This is due to two reasons. People dont want to work for what they want and two cost ofShow MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and highRead MoreThe American Dream By Kimberly Amadeo1637 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, a large number of people migrate to the United States to work and achieve the American Dream. According to the Article â€Å"What is the American Dream?† by Kimberly Amadeo, â€Å"The American Dream was first publicly defined in 1931 by James Truslow Adams in Epic of America. Adam’s often-repeated quote is, ‘The American Dream is that dream of land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyon e, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.’† There are many peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? The four main characters in this book all have good dreams but there are people in the way of getting to those dreams or their dream is too high to accomplish. A Raisin in the Sun a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, andRead MoreSister Carrie and the American Dream1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is surely based on the concept of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness† but it is above all, a matter of ambition. James Truslow Adams, an American writer and historian, in 1931 states: life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†, which not only points towards a better standard of living for Americans but also denounces a degree of greed in the US society. Ambition not only â€Å"killed the catâ₠¬  butRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath And The American Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of the American Dream is ever changing depending on the person and the time of life that person is in. Although the main ideas of the American Dream remain the same to be educated, economically sound, healthy, to have a family, and equal rights. Many great films and works of literature were created to show case all the different ideas people have for their American Dream. The film â€Å"Grapes of Wrath† directed by John Ford and the poem â€Å"I Will Fight No More Forever† by Chief Joseph, both depictRead More Destruction of the American Dream Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesDestruction of the American Dream I’ve talked about it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Always, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section of its ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it must be examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate elimination of a dream. Self destruction, if you will†¦ Mr. Self Destruct Read MoreSuccess As One Of The American Dream1137 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2015 Success as One of The American Dream When we hear the word â€Å"success†, we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being success is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach viewRead MoreJim Cullen And The American Dream2081 Words   |  9 Pages The American Dream, as defined by Cullen, is starting your goal off with a little and ending with more; it s like a business, you invest in it in order to gain more money. Usually, people will define the American Dream as being able to achieve your goal because everyone is offered opportunities. 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The show obtains successful Entrepreneurs ready to invest their own money into other Americans wanting to be just like them, reaching the American dream and become a successful entrepreneur. The show presents entrepreneurs working towards the goal of creating a business to not only gain wealth but also change the way we live today. The show is to keep the American dream alive and well while The American Dream - 701 Words Discrimination against a person based on their race is one of the main causes in preventing one from having a fair opportunity to achieve the American Dream. Philip Deutsch writes â€Å"blacks are twice as likely to be poor compared to other races, and eight times as likely to be imprisoned. Only 75 percent of blacks have received post-high school education, compared to 85 percent of whites. Not surprisingly, blacks on average also make less money than whites† (â€Å"The American Dream is Still†). These facts, shocking but true, go to prove the point that a persons race affects what opportunities they may have and what things they will be able to achieve. Blacks are, genetically, equivalent to whites, however they are harshly discriminated against†¦show more content†¦Roland explains that the true American Dream for blacks should be being completely equivalent to whites, and having the same opportunities without having to overcome all of the obstacles put in pl ace because of their race. Roland also puts light on the subject that although blacks have overcome a major political and social boundary with the election of Barack Obama, the first black president of America, blacks have still not achieved that full equality, or prosperity so many strive for. Black unemployment rate has drastically gone up in the past year, leaving the number of blacks jobless the highest number of any other race. A report in race, ethnicity, and law in the United States brings the blame for racial discrimination on politics and economic conditions. â€Å"Dramatic shifts over the past decade in social welfare policies and economic conditions have contributed significantly to the increasing difficulty that people of color face in realizing their civil rights. Growing reliance on policies that redistribute power to the states and localities, combined with a decrease in federal enforcement of anti-discrimination law, has amounted to an abdication of the federal role in ensuring equal opportunity†Show MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and highRead MoreThe American Dream By Kimberly Amadeo1637 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, a large number of people migrate to the United States to work and achieve the American Dream. According to the Article â€Å"What is the American Dream?† by Kimberly Amadeo, â€Å"The American Dream was first publicly defined in 1931 by James Truslow Adams in Epic of America. Adam’s often-repeated quote is, ‘The American Dream is that dream of land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyon e, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.’† There are many peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? The four main characters in this book all have good dreams but there are people in the way of getting to those dreams or their dream is too high to accomplish. A Raisin in the Sun a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, andRead MoreSister Carrie and the American Dream1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is surely based on the concept of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness† but it is above all, a matter of ambition. James Truslow Adams, an American writer and historian, in 1931 states: life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†, which not only points towards a better standard of living for Americans but also denounces a degree of greed in the US society. Ambition not only â€Å"killed the catâ₠¬  butRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath And The American Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of the American Dream is ever changing depending on the person and the time of life that person is in. Although the main ideas of the American Dream remain the same to be educated, economically sound, healthy, to have a family, and equal rights. Many great films and works of literature were created to show case all the different ideas people have for their American Dream. The film â€Å"Grapes of Wrath† directed by John Ford and the poem â€Å"I Will Fight No More Forever† by Chief Joseph, both depictRead More Destruction of the American Dream Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesDestruction of the American Dream I’ve talked about it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Always, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section of its ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it must be examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate elimination of a dream. Self destruction, if you will†¦ Mr. Self Destruct Read MoreSuccess As One Of The American Dream1137 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2015 Success as One of The American Dream When we hear the word â€Å"success†, we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being success is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach viewRead MoreJim Cullen And The American Dream2081 Words   |  9 Pages The American Dream, as defined by Cullen, is starting your goal off with a little and ending with more; it s like a business, you invest in it in order to gain more money. Usually, people will define the American Dream as being able to achieve your goal because everyone is offered opportunities. Cullen does acknowledge that people are born with different opportunities, so he talks about the good life. The good life describes different factors that determine your opportunities. Throughout the otherRead MoreFactors Influencing The American Dream1834 Words   |  8 Pagesindividual to succumb or to not succumb to the seductions of crime. These three factors are brilliantly portrayed in the television show, Breaking Bad and the novel, The Stick Up Kids. The American Dream is what many American citizens strive for. However, not all of those citizens are able to achieve the American Dream through a legal pathway. The reason an indivudal may not being able to do so is because of his or her background factors. It is important to note that background factors are a fractionRead MoreShark Tank And The American Dream1755 Words   |  8 PagesShark Tank and The American Dream The TV show Shark tank embodies everything the American dream represents. The show obtains successful Entrepreneurs ready to invest their own money into other Americans wanting to be just like them, reaching the American dream and become a successful entrepreneur. The show presents entrepreneurs working towards the goal of creating a business to not only gain wealth but also change the way we live today. The show is to keep the American dream alive and well while

Damage Control Strategy for Alumina Free Essays

Alumina Incorporated is a $4Billion aluminum-making industry operating in eight countries with the United States of America as its base which also accounts for 70% of its sales. It is situated in the fringes of Lake Dira in the State of Erehwon. Five years ago, Alumina Incorporated was reported to be in violation of environmental discharge norms in a routine EPA compliance evaluation inspection. We will write a custom essay sample on Damage Control Strategy for Alumina or any similar topic only for you Order Now The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration in test samples was above the prescribed limit of 5milligrams per liter of all hydrocarbons. A clean-up was ordered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), to which Alumina complied promptly. The subsequent environmental audit reported the violation as â€Å"corrected†. Barring this one incident, Alumina Inc. has enjoyed a good overall environmental record. Now, it is being accused by Kelly Bates, a 38-year-old single mother, of contaminating the waters of Lake Dira with carcinogenic effluents and that the alleged contaminated water is the proximate cause of the leukemia Kelly Bates’ 10-year-old daughter. This accusation was made through the Erehwon Reporter, a local daily. Alumina’s reaction to control the damage caused by this accusation was to release a news story highlighting the efficacy of their system declaring that they use the best available technology for pollutant cleanup in compliance with the Clean Water Act. This strategy was suggested by Arthur Todd, the legal counsel for the company. This damage control strategy, at first blush, may seem to be too defensive as it is a direct counter to the accusation of Kelly Bates and is calculated to balance public opinion about the company. Even the Erehwon Reporter called this a defensive move in a double editorial. Despite the fact that this may be a defensive move, this is the proper way to handle an accusation made through the press—to counter it through the press also. The media can be your friend or foe during a disaster (Baker, 2001). When charged for being defensive by the Erehwon Reporter, Alumina no longer used the press to counter the charge. Instead, it ignored the Erehwon Reporter editorial and went on to conduct an independent site study to check for new violations. This shows the company’s willingness to correct any mistake as soon as possible. And this also shows concern for the environment and for the populace. This is a value which is very appealing to people. And truly enough, the independent site study showed that the PAH levels are lower than the prescribed limit of 5milligrams per liter of all hydrocarbons. This gives the company, as well as a large portion of the residents of Erehwon, a lot of breathing space. This should also quell Kelly Bates’ accusation against the company for a while. However, after a short while, a study made by an American Scientific Society showed that the PAH levels in Lake Dira are high, in fact, 100times higher than pre-urban conditions. Although the cause of this was found to be the heavy traffic in Erehwon, and not the aluminum-making industry, this finding still puts into question the independent site study made by Alumina on the PAH levels of Lake Dira because their results are not in harmony with each other. This development prompted Kelly Bates and the press to approach the EPA to get hold of a copy of the environmental audit report that documented Alumina’s violation of the Clean Water Act five years ago. They were claiming their rights as citizens to be informed of audits made by government agencies. Though they have such rights, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) allows the company to withhold confidential information. The environmental audit report is considered confidential information which the company may refuse to reveal. However, Alumina agreed to release portions of it which pertain directly only to the violations discovered five years ago. This erases any air of arrogance on the part of the company and shows their willingness to cooperate and desire to avoid any sensationalized dispute. And this is a proper way to handle this kind of situations. Statements should reflect concern, a call to action, and a move toward resolution. Baker suggests: provide as much information as possible. If your company has an involvement in the situation, admit it. The public can be very forgiving unless they perceive you’re hiding something (id). Also, allowing only a partial release of the audit report kept the company from jeopardizing its business by keeping release of confidential information to a minimum. However, despite all the cooperation extended by the company, Kelly Bates still threatened to file her lawsuit. The company, seeking to avoid protracted litigation, sought an alternative dispute resolution to settle the case. It sought a third party mediator to settle the dispute and it was a success. They saved money by eliminating litigation expenses. The company’s settlement offer was in no way an admission of guilt. It was more of a money-saving device. The cost of the mediated settlement is a fraction of what Alumina would have spent to defend against Kelly Bates’ claims in court. Alumina’s Values The primary value displayed by Alumina in cases of crises is its willingness to comply and cooperate and correct its errors, if any. It has a humble approach towards dispute resolution. This value is shown by its immediate compliance with the Clean Water Act when it was audited five years ago. When Kelly Bates made an accusation, it made an independent site study of the lake. And this value was also shown when it was willing to allow a partial release of the audit report. The company never tried to hire a public relations officer or an image consultant. It did not turn to public relations firms to clean up their reputation rather than change environmentally damaging practices, as is the trend these days, even though the latter strategy is more costly (Beder, 1997). This is a noble trait. How to cite Damage Control Strategy for Alumina, Papers

To What Extent Was America An Intolerant Society During The 1920S free essay sample

It is rather controversial to say whether or not America was an intolerant society or not in the†¦ America was rather intolerant in the 1920’s as in the southern part of USA, many blacks were not treated equally, as they came under the ‘Jim Crow’ laws, meaning that they were segregated from the white people. The black community were also carried on living in poverty, even in the Northern areas where even though they were treated a little more equally, they were still given the poorest houses and lowest wages. This showed the USA to be a very intolerant society. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Was America An Intolerant Society During The 1920S or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page America was also intolerant as there was much anti-foreigner feeling created by World War 1 as many Americans worried that increasing amounts of immigrants created the ‘melting pot’ society. From this the Johnson Reid Act limited immigration to 150,000 people a year and asian immigration was stopped all together, this again shoed America to be a very intolerant society. America was shown to be a extremely intolerant and racist society through the Klux Klux Klan. The KKK attacked the blacks, jews, catholic’s and homosexuals and there were up to 5 million members in 1920 showing America was a very prejudiced and intolerant society. The Scopes trial of 1925 showed America to be an intolerant society as it showed the differences between old american values and modern values and because of this John Scopes has his freedom of speech taken away from him as he was out on trial row his teachings of Charles Darwin’s Origen of Species. This showed America to be a rather intolerant society because of religious beliefs. The Red Scare also showed America to be a very intolerant society as the government arrested many immigrants as people believed that they may bring socialist and anti-capitalist ideas with them which were seen as anti-american. This showed America to be a very intolerant society. Finally, American was seen to be a very intolerant society due to the Sacco and Venzetti case. This was due to the Red Scare as two men were found guilty to a murder the both pleaded not-guilty, even when there was very little evidence against them. This shows America to be a very intolerant society as both were executed due to the Red Scare. On the other hand, America could be considered a rather tolerant society. America was seen to be a rather tolerant society and women were now able to vote and able to go out to work to enable themselves to become more financially independent, showing America to be rather tolerant of the changing roles of women. America was also seen to be a rather tolerant society as women now found that contraception meant they no longer had to have big families and new technology such as washing machines made housework a lot easier for them. This showed America as a tolerant society. Overall. i think that America was a very intolerant society during the 1920’s owing to the number of intolerances overweighing the things they were actually tolerant of, which majority seemed to be of American women.